INVESTIGATION ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL POLLUTION LOAD OF HUDIARA DRAIN AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

: Majority of Industrial wastewater, both treated and untreated is being pumped into drains in Lahore; mainly converging to Hudiara drain. The same is already polluted when it enters Pakistan’s boundary by wastewater from India and as it passes through Lahore, it’s pollution levels are magnified by addition of mainly Charrar & Sattukatla Drain. In this study we performed weekly complete analysis of some Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of Hudiara drain on point of entry in Pakistan as well as the same for Charrar & Sattukatla Drains. It was observed that the organic loading of wastewater has increased 2-3 times in the last 10 years with maximum values of 1,406 and 413 mg/L obtained respectively. Major factor is the high concentration of suspended solids which ranged from 280 to 701 mg/L as well as high organic decomposition indicated by sulphides upto 23.85 mg/L. Moreover, the baseline pollution load of Hudiara Drain entering Pakistan as well as the pollution load our Industries and Adjacent canals exert directly and indirectly into Hudiara Drain.


INTRODUCTION
In the last few years, anthropogenic activities ranging from urbanization, industrialization & unsustainable agriculture have drastically changed the hydrological, chemical and geological properties of water bodies.This impact has been worldwide and its consequences far reaching (Foppen, 2002).This contamination of our essential water bodies has been catalyzed by exponential increase in population, further disturbing groundwater levels and indirectly increasing the pollutant concentrations.This unchecked abstraction of water from our aquifers changes the groundwater to various other forms such as sewage water, industrial wastewater, agricultural wastewater which needs to be pass through complex systems of wastewater treatment before being drained back to natural water bodies or wetlands (Jeong, 2001).Unfortunately, this step is being skipped due to the financial burden it carries and instead wastewater is being released back to natural water bodies untreated and unchecked.This is especially relevant in third world countries where lack of resources, ignorance and inefficient regulatory bodies have been unable to control the wide spread contamination of their ground and surface waters (Powell et al, 2003).
In Pakistan, this issue is developing into a ticking time bomb day by day.According to reports by various International (IMF, UNDP) as well as national organizations (PCRWR), Pakistan will reach the level of a water scarce country as early as 2025.This development is nothing new, with the theoretical "Water Stress Line" and "Water Security Line" being crossed in 1990 & 2005 respectively.This situation is alarming as being an agriculture based country, Pakistan ranks fourth among water usage in the world.Another metric to analyze dependency on water is "Water Intensity Rate", which accounts for the volume of water (m 3 ) utilized to generate per Unit GDP (Richey et al., 2015), according to which Pakistan is the most water dependent country in the world (UNDP, 2018).
Pakistan has gradually grown from a completely agriculture based economy with a meagre 921 industries to the Industrial Sector being the second largest contributor in our overall GDP.During this phase of industrialization, focus was towards development of large industrial estates in the country, with industries springing in different areas of Lahore, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Karachi, Peshawar etc.Unfortunately, one common issue among all these areas have been the ignorance in setting up Wastewater Treatment Facilities which would have reduced the pollution load being exerted to fresh / surface water bodies (Khan et al., 2012).The lack of centralized treatment plants caused the responsibility of industrial wastewater treatment to fall directly on the industries and they failed to ensure compliance due to a number of underlying factors such as no subsidy / help from government bodies, lack of information, inefficient check by regulatory bodies, financial burden due to presence of only high cost water treatment options (Nasrullah et al., 2006).
Discussing the impacts of unplanned industrialization on our water bodies, two factors come into play i.e. water quantity and water quality.In Third World countries, most industries have not been established considering water as a key resource / raw material (Dai, 2015).The location of the industry, specially water intensive industries such as textile and beverages industries are based only on the availability and quality of ground water present nearby and logistics for dumping of wastewater from industry to surface water bodies nearby.This leads to the extraction of groundwater and depletion of aquifer as well as pollution in surface water with potential percolation and contamination of aquifer as well (Wang et al., 2018).Recent examples of Uncontrolled Extraction and Pollution due to discharge of polluted water can be observed by case studies of "Sheikhupura Ground Water Depletion due to Large Scale Beverage Industry (Nespak, 2016)" & "The state of Ravi River after flourish of cottage industries at its banks (Iqbal et al, 2018)" respectively.
Pakistan is not alone in being effected by the impacts stated above.Our neighboring county India has been facing the issues to some degree and when it comes to water pollution, it creates a unique problem.Due to the fact that most water bodies are connected and go past the geopolitical borders, to analyze the level of impact as well as move forward to a suitable solution, the impact of Transboundary Pollution needs to be quantified as well (Khan et al, 2003).One prime example of magnification of pollution load due to transboundary pollution as well as internal impact is the "Hudiara Drain".One of the main branches of Ravi, Hudiara Drain crosses the geopolitical borders between the two countries with about 55 Km presence in Pakistan & 44 Km presence in India (Bashir et al, 2001).Originating from Batala (Gurdaspure) it enters Pakistan near Laloo.Initially planned as a storm water drain / canal, after rapid industrial growth, it became the main source for untreated wastewater discharge as well as sewage waste.According to recent estimates, 80-85 industries are present in Lahore region which directly dump wastewater in the drain with numerous cottage industries starting every day (Ejaz, et al, 2011).Moreover, villages and small communities release their grey water and sewage waste directly to the drain as well contaminating it.(Qadir et al, 2013).
In this study we will select sampling points which allow us to analyze flow / volume as well as sample and test wastewater for a number or physicochemical, Organic parameters as well as heavy metals from wastewater entering Pakistan, Individual Drains joining Hudiara Drain as well as the magnification / dilution of Hudiara Drain's pollution load due to above stated addition.Spread across 04 weeks with weekly sampling and analysis, trends will be identified and pollution load quantified at each step.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Sampling Sites: The objective of the study was to analyze Quality of water entering Pakistan through the Hudiara Drain and then observe the impacts of the two main drains entering Hudiara at different points before it deposits in River Ravi.This purpose could only be accomplished by not only analyzing Hudiara at the entry point to Pakistan, but also simultaneously checking the individual water quality of Charrar & Satukatla drain along with water quality of Hudiara after mixing of the respective drains.This was accomplished by a sampling site in which 05 points were chosen and each intervention included sampling at each point.
Sampling Frequency: Composite sampling and flow monitoring was performed for one day each week and this continued for a month.During these 04 interventions, the focus was to ensure that sampling activity is carried out simultaneously at the 05 sites and representative samples are collected.This was ensured by dispatching 05 teams at each site and collecting a composite sample for a time of 08 hours.
Sampling Methodology: Composite sampling was preferred for sampling activity as it provides a better representative sample as well as ensures the variation is minimized.A composite sample is used to represent the average wastewater characteristics during the selected time period.Composite sample was collected over time for a period of 08 hours with collecting one aliquot after every 30 minutes.The collection of aliquots to one representative sample was done utilizing the flow proportional composite sampling methodology.In flow proportional composite sampling, the aliquots collected at each interval are mixed according to the proportion of the instantaneous flow observed during collection of aliquot.This ensures that the effect of volume / flow of water is taken into account in the representative sampling.A simple example of this is that a highly polluted wastewater sample with low flow can have the same pollution load during 24 hours as observed in a mildly polluted wastewater sample at high flow rates.Flow proportional sampling takes into account the flow rate and ensures such variation is accounted for in the representative sample (Simpson, 2013).
Sample Preservation: Sample preservation was ensured as per methodology defined in Standard Methods for Water & Wastewater analysis by American Public Health Association.Sampling containers were amber glass bottles or HDPE plastic.Each sample was preserved in ice box and kept <4° C until deposited to the Laboratory.Moreover, these preservation conditions were mentioned in a chain of custody form maintained for reference & record.
Flow Monitoring Methodology: Flow of the canal is basically the volume of water moving over a selected point over a fixed period of time.It's units are expressed in cubic meter per hour.Analyzing the flow allows us to indirectly measure the volume of water passing through the canal including variations caused by external issues or meteorological interferences.
Flow is dependent on two variables i.e. water volume and it's velocity.Hence it is calculated by the following equation:

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 =
This equation can be further expanded into the following, where the correction factor is 0.8 for hard bottom canals and 0.9 for mud bottom canals as per USEPA.A selected length approximately 20 feet is selected and average cross section areas are measured.: To analyze the time taken by water to move / cross the designated length, a ball of reasonable weight is added to the mid point of the stream and time is noted by stop watch from the initial point to the final point of the length selected.This value is added in the above stated equation and flow is calculated.Care is taken to ensure units remain the same i.e. area in m 2 , Length in m and time in hours to get the required flow in cubic meter / hour (m 3 /h).The correction factor has no unit (Poff et al., 1989).
Instruments for Laboratory Analysis: All the physicochemical parameters were analyzed using standard protocols and procedure.Further heavy metals were analyzed as follows.
Heavy Metals: Heavy metals account for an essential component when it comes to water quality studies.Heavy metals are not only carcinogenic but their properties of being transferred from water to soil, plants and finally animals is especially troublesome.Samples were digested utilizing hot plate digestion method with addition of Hydrochloric and sulphuric acid.The digestion were then made upto the mark in a volumetric glass bottle and analyzed on Agilent AA-400 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.Calibration standards of each metals were made using 1000 mg/L stock solutions by Honeywell.
Faecal Coliform: Membrane filtration technique specified in APHA 9222 was utilized for analysis of faecal coliform in wastewater.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of analysis obtained in complete study as well as relevant discussion regarding interactions between the Hudiara Drain and its adjoining canals are as following: pH: Results obtained for pH after all 04 weekly sampling activities have been presented in graphical and tabular form in Fig 1:

Results of pH Analysis
It was observed that in all 04 interventions carried out weekly, the pH was mostly below Punjab Environmental Quality Standards defined guideline of 09.High results of pH were obtained only in first interventions and this trend was observed in Hudiara and all its adjoining drains.
Generally the pH in all drains was found to be on the borderline, ranging from a minimum of 8.10 to a maximum of 9.37 observed in the 1 st and 4 th intervention for Initial Hudiara Drain samples respectively.Limited interaction or change in pH was observed after mixing of Sattukatla and Charrar drain into the Hudiara because pH of all drains were found to be similar during the intervention.
Comparing the interventions, it was observed that when the pH rose or fell, the same effect was observed in Hudiara as well as the other drains.This indicates that pH changes are mostly dependent on volume of water as well as meteorological conditions changing the acidity or alkalinity of water.
Total Dissolved Solids: Results obtained for Total Dissolved Solids after all 04 weekly sampling activities have been presented in graphical and tabular form in  Throughout the intervention, total dissolved solids remained in a nominal range in all the drains.Due to the large volume of water entering through Hudiara Drain as well as addition of water from Sattukatla and charrar, the industrial effluent being dumped into the water is diluted and does not cross the 3500 mg/L limit set in Punjab Environmental Quality Standards.Dumping of less contaminated grey water along with water utilized for washing and general purposes also has a dilution effect, though it does not mean that the water is safe to use because trace contaminants and organic contamination is still present as will be observed in further analysis.
Minimum of 848 mg/L and maximum of 1,423 mg/L of dissolved solids were observed during the interventions.It was observed that Sattukatla Drain had comparatively less dissolved solids as compared to Initial Hudiara Drain.Similarly Charrar drain mostly had lower TDS compared to combination of Hudiara & Sattukatla drain.The organic loading or percentage of organic contamination in the wastewater can be quantified by analysis of fixed and volatile solids Total Suspended Solids: Results obtained for Total Suspended Solids after all 04 weekly sampling activities have been presented in graphical and tabular form in Fig 3 : The suspended solids have a significant role to play in organic contamination and pollution in the water.High suspended solids concentrations were observed in all sampling locations, with all locations having values higher than the acceptable standards of Punjab Environmental Quality Standards i.e. 200 mg/L.maximum of 945 mg/L was observed in the final drain during the 04 th intervention, while minimum value was 289 mg/L in Sattukatla Drain during the 2 nd Intervention.The results of volatile solids components in dissolved as well as suspended solids indicate that total concentration of organic loading among dissolved solids and suspended solids are approximately 30 & 20% respectively.This infers that if we remove suspended solids, we can reduce the total organic load by 20%.

Results of COD Analysis
Values for chemical oxygen demand were all higher than standard values as per Punjab Environmental Quality Standards i.e. 150 mg/L.The wastewater entering Pakistan consistently had high COD load with values ranging from 2-3 times more than standard values.Moreover it was observed that Sattukatla & Charrar drain had higher chemical oxygen demand as compared to initial values of Hudiara Drain.
It was also observed that values were increasing after each intervention, especially higher than in the last one.It may be due to industries gradually increasing their production which was stalled during start of the year.Maximum value of 1,406 mg/L was observed in Initial Hudiara Drain with minimum values of 270 mg/L observed.

Biological Oxygen Demand: Results obtained for
Biological Oxygen Demand after all 04 weekly sampling activities have been presented in graphical and tabular form in Fig 7: The biological Oxygen Demand followed a pattern similar to the one observed for Chemical Oxygen Demand.All values were above the Punjab Environmental Quality Standards i.e. 80 mg/L.This high BOD shows that water is being depleted of its natural dissolved oxygen and is the main reason that water cannot sustain fauna as it once did.
Moreover, values for BOD were either similar or slightly lower for Sattukatla & Charrar compared to Hudiara Drain.This is in stark contrast with COD trends observed.This indicates that most of the organic load in charrar and sattukatla has low biodegradability and is most likely released from industries.Maximum values of BOD were observed in 4 th Intervention with 413 mg/L and least was observed for final discharge of 1 st intervention i.e. 133 mg/L.Sulphides: Results obtained for Sulphide after all 04 weekly sampling activities have been presented in graphical and tabular form in Fig 8 : As sulphides are caused by decomposition and our organic loading testing showed high concentration of organic matter, results for sulphides analysis was also observed to be higher than PEQS set limit of 1.0 mg/L.This was consistent in all samples and values increased to a maximum of about 28 mg/L in the fourth intervention.Sattukatla and Charrar Drain had mostly higher concentration of sulphides, though an interesting trend was observed with final values being lower than the expected ones after mixing of the streams.This maybe due to the nature of sulphide ion which easily escapes in gaseous form as Hydrogen Sulphide.As the canal moves, this can be the main cause of lower values of Hudiara Drain after mixing of both the canals.Most heavy metals were determined to be lower than the detection limit of atomic absorption spectrometer.The only significant values obtained were for Aluminum as well as Iron.This indicates that industries most likely to be steel / alloy manufacturing are releasing their wastewater into the Hudiara drain even before it enters Pakistan.This is further exacerbated by traces of same metals found in Sattukatla & Charrar Drain as well.In Pakistan, there are a number of steel work industries which dump their waste into the water as well as rusting may cause increase in metals concentration brought through suspended rust particles mixed with total suspended solids in the wastewater.The trends of aluminum and iron can be observed in Fig 9 as follows: Fecal Coliform: Due to municipal wastewater being added in the canals in Pakistan as well as in India, Faecal Coliform presence was observed in every sample.The results were >16,000 CFU/100 mL in each sample.Unfortunately, microbiological contamination is left unchecked in our Punjab Environmental Quality Standards which only focus on chemical contaminants.This is the reason that plants designed for wastewater treatment also usually skip decontamination step in which microbiological contamination is removed through various techniques such as chlorination as well as zonation.
Flow Measurement: Flows measured for canals was analyzed and the values collected were collectively and individually processed for data collection: Hudiara Drain: Flow Measurement Results obtained for Hudiara Drain after all 04 weekly sampling activities have been presented in graphical and tabular form in Fig 10 .1st  Individually observed, it can be seen that Hudiara Drain had major variations according to time of the day they were entering Pakistan.Flow measurement was analyzed from 10:00 AM to 05:00 PM, with one measurement in each hour and it was seen that barring a few exceptions, the flow was slow in the start and peaked in mid noon with relatively stable flow throughout the remaining time.

Results of Aluminium Analysis
On average the flow was 75,078 m 3 /h with variations ranging from a minimum of 43,206 to a maximum of 101,304 m 3 /h.The least flow was obtained during the fourth intervention and on average highest flow was seen in first intervention.
Sattukatla Drain: Flow Measurement Results obtained for Sattukatla Drain after all 04 weekly sampling activities have been presented in graphical and tabular form in Fig 11 .Individually observed, it can be seen that Sattukatla Drain had major variations according to time of the day they were entering Pakistan.Flow measurement was analyzed from 10:00 AM to 05:00 PM, with one measurement in each hour and it was seen that barring a few exceptions, the flow was slow in the start to mid noon and peaked at around 15:00 and fell back to low values afterwards.On average the flow was 28,039 m 3 /h with variations ranging from a minimum of 14,297to a maximum of 42,676m 3 /h.The least flow was obtained during the fourth intervention and on average highest flow was seen in first intervention.Compared to Hudiara, the flow is less than 1/3 rd though it's concentration can vary as observed in above stated results.
Charrar Drain: Flow Measurement Results obtained for Charrar Drain after all 04 weekly sampling activities have been presented in graphical and tabular form in Fig 12.
Individually observed, it can be seen that Sattukatla Drain had major variations according to time of the day they were entering Pakistan.Flow measurement was analyzed from 10:00 AM to 05:00 PM, with one measurement in each hour and it was seen that barring a few exceptions, the flow was constant throughout the interventions.Only exception was in first intervention where low flow was observed in the start of the day which peaked on noon and then returned to normal.On average the flow was 9,204 m 3 /h with variations ranging from a minimum of 8,100 m 3 /h to a maximum of 10,906 m 3 /h.The least flow was obtained during the fourth intervention and on average highest flow was seen in first intervention.Compared to Hudiara, the flow is less than 1/4 th and is half of the volume of

Results of Flow Measurement (m 3 /h) of Charrar Drain
water seen in Sattukatla drain, though it's concentration can vary as observed in above stated results.

Conclusions & Recommendations:
It is essential that the proper infrastructure exists to supplement sustainable economic growth.Unfortunately, due to lack of planning, this isn't the case in most third world countries, and this can be observed in Hudiara Drain as well.Designed to work as a stormwater drain, the industrial wastewater being released into the drain has created significant environmental impacts.The concentrations of organic pollution in the water has increased 4-5 fold as compared to previous studies (Afzal et al., 2000).Moreover, the metal concentration is slowly increasing and in cases of iron it is almost past the guideline values set by our Environment Protection Department.The efforts to clean up Hudiara Drain will be useless unless transboundary pollution isn't accounted for.According to our analysis major parameters such as COD, BOD, TSS, Fecal Coliform and Sulfides have already crossed limit values when they enter our boundaries.It was observed in our study that the variation in water quality was observed from time to time.This was due to the impact of industrial wastewater being released into the water.With variation in products or the quantity, the water quality impact can be enhanced rapidly.There is no combined effluent treatment system which can be designed on influent water with such changes.Hence it is essential that each industry should install their own treatment plant systems in which they treat their wastewater at-least to primary treatment stage.As the main water pollution contaminant is organic in nature, the drainage network can add water reservoirs for temporary storage, sedimentation and equalization.This can be supplemented with constructed wetlands implemented with flora which can survive in the wastewater and take part in organic degradation as well.Moreover, addition of oxygen through diffusers or mixing chambers can increase the dissolved oxygen in the wastewater.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Graphical and Tabular Representation of pH Analysis Fig 2:

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Graphical and Tabular Representation of TDS Analysis

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Graphical and Tabular Representation of TSS Analysis Demand: Results obtained for Chemical Oxygen Demand after all 04 weekly sampling activities have been presented in graphical and tabular form in Fig 6:

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Graphical and Tabular Representation of COD Analysis

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Graphical and Tabular Representation of BOD Analysis

Figure 11 :Figure 12 :
Figure 11: Graphical and Tabular Representation of Flow in Sattukatla Drain