DEVELOPMENT OF A WEARABLE HEAT STROKE DETECTION AND CONTROLLING SYSTEM

: When the brain's thermoregulation system fails, heatstroke occurs. Not treating it within the first half hour can lead to disability and possibly death. To prevent heatstroke, a cooling mechanism for the brain is proposed. The prototype system has the capability to track the environment and provide on-the-spot cooling. The aim is to reduce the risk of heatstroke. The key feature of the system is the inclusion of PID controller, that automates the temperature regulation by monitoring the external environment.


INTRODUCTION
Over the last two decades, record-breaking heat waves have resulted in an increase in heat-related mortality throughout the world.According to the WHO, at least 15,000 deaths solely attributable to heat, especially heatstroke, were anticipated in 2022 based on nationwide statistics reported thus far (Statement -Climate Change Is Already Killing Us, but Strong Action Now Can Prevent More Deaths, 2022).Heatstroke is a type of disease characterized by a fast rise in core body temperature exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (Laitano et al., 2019).It happens when the homeostatic control system isn't working properly and there is a rapid shift in the ambient temperature.The patient exhibits clinical symptoms of central nervous system impairment, such as disorientation, ataxia, delirium, or convulsions that are triggered by vigorous physical activity or exposure to high temperatures (Morris, 2023).As a result, the risk of heatstroke rises dramatically.If left untreated, it can cause lasting damage to major organs, including the brain, heart, kidneys, and muscles, necessitating prompt medical attention (Tamura et al., 2022).In this paper, a prototype has been designed using a helmet that can prevent heatstroke.This helmet can be beneficial for construction workers, laborers, and people who work outdoors.The prototype uses a cooling system based on the principles of thermodynamics and thermoelectric cooling.This cooling system is powered by a battery and is designed to actively cool the wearer's head, thereby reducing the risk of heat stroke.For example, the helmet is equipped with a Peltier and a heat sink, which absorbs the heat from the wearer's head and dissipates it into the environment.
Numerous studies were undertaken in an effort to fix the issue.One of them was the design of a wearable heat-stroke-detection device (WHDD), which has the capacity to provide early warning.They collected medical information from exercisers using a variety of physical sensors, including the galvanic skin response (GSR), heart rate, and body temperature.Furthermore, they developed fuzzy theory-based functional components for risk evaluation to help users recognize the signs of heat stroke.(Chen et al., 2017).Another approach used for this was to develop an Internet of Things (IoT) network and integrate the interface hardware with the operating system of smartphones.To show the data collected from the surroundings through its sensors, this gadget establishes a connection with the network provider (Zahari et al., 2022).However, this research is primarily focused on providing an indicator and not a real-time solution.Thus, for instant prevention of heatstroke, the WHCD was developed to provide instantaneous cooling to the forehead and promote brain relaxation in hot conditions (Mujib et al., 2023).Unfortunately, the cooling effect is only confined to the front area of the head.However, another research covered helmet-based head-cooling applications, such as a conduction system that relies on conductive materials and a convection system based on a water reservoir and pump (Passler et al., 2016).This device is mounted on a thermal head type and is efficient at chilling at temperatures between 15°C and 28°C under-regulated settings.Further research exploration, shows an industrial helmet with a heat conduction system based on Nano graphene phase transition material (Ali et al., 2019).At 35 degrees Celsius, the helmet could offer cooling for around 4 hours.Several researchers have devised wearable cooling gear, such as a ventilation jacket (Del Ferraro et al., 2022), ventilation fans with dry ice system (Wang et al., 2019), radiative cooling (Yin et al., 2020), PCMs cooling (Zhang & Sun, 2012), liquid cooling (Shu et al., 2021), and air-cooling (Zhao et al., 2022), TE cooling (Chen et al., 2022).These cooling devices can be used in a variety of bodily locations.It has been demonstrated that these cooling clothes work well on individuals.
In this research, a wearable heat stroke detection system has been proposed.Using a PID controller, this study introduces a control approach for a device that can be worn outdoors.Utilizing physiological and environmental data gathered by the sensor, it can determine the user's risk of suffering from heat stroke and provide instant cooling.In addition, it can issue a warning as well.The PID controller will use the sensor information to adjust the temperature of the device in real-time according to the user's body temperature.This will help to prevent heat strokes by helping the user to maintain a comfortable temperature in hot environments.It will also warn the user when the temperature becomes too high and cooling is necessary.For instance, when the body temperature of the user exceeds the threshold, the device will activate the buzzer, while activating the Peltier and prompt the user to seek a cool environment.
PID control system: PID techniques are the most precise and recommended among the control techniques used in residential and industrial systems [[8-16]] (Aboelhassan et al., 2020); (Zhang et al., 2021); (Fazelpour & Asnaashari, 2015); (Altayeva et al., 2018); (Boudia et al., 2021); (Ulpiani et al., 2016); (Turhan et al., 2021); (Kümpel et al., 2022); (Syed Ali et al., 2021).PIDs are built on a digital design.As a result, they are ideal for controlling a significant number of contemporary industrial processes due to their convenience and ability to deliver superior system stability.These digital PIDs offer a variety of techniques to enhance their performance.The core actions, however, remain the same ("Design of PI, PD and PID Controllers with Time Response Specifications," 2003).PID control is rooted in a mathematical representation of a situation, which is embodied in a control process loop.The discrepancy between a process variable's actual value, as determined by a sensor, and its predicted value is used in this sort of control.Research projects and industries use it because it allows control with minimal offset error and strong stability ("PID Controller Tuning Rules Using an Inner P Controller," 2006); (Boubaris et al., 2019).Therefore, a PID controller in a system is suggested with five parameters -Kp (Proportional), Ki (Integral), Kd (Derivative), input value, and set point value.Kp helps to improve the response time and accuracy of the system.Ki is designed to enhance the stability of the system, while Kd aims to make reactions faster and more reliable.Basically, it helps to anticipate any issues that may come up in the future. (1)

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Planning and Design of Heat Stroke Detection Workflow
Software: Arduino Software (IDE) was used for the purpose of coding.The sketch begins by including the OneWire.h and DallasTemperature.h libraries and declaring the Arduino pin to which the sensor's signal pin is connected.To communicate with the DS18B20 sensor, two steps are taken.Initially, One-wire library is implemented and pass the sensor's signal pin as a parameter.Then, DallasTemperature library is implemented and pass the reference to the one-wire object as a parameter.By altering the output, some input variables can be adjusted near the desired set point, whereas, to implement a PID controller in code, five parameters are declared that are proportional (Kp), integral (Ki), and derivative (Ki) constants, an input value, and a set point."Kp", which is set to "0.00206812507453938," is utilized to improve the transient response's rising time and settling time.The parameter "Ki" is set to "0.0339782106923304" to improve steady-state responsiveness."Kd" is set to "3.14697363162208e-05" and is used to enhance transient responsiveness by predicting future errors.The values assigned to Kp, Ki, and Kd are predetermined numerical values.These values are determined through a meticulous tuning process that is specific to the particular application and system being controlled.Input Values are sensed values from the temperature sensor and the set point is the command value for the process variable in which the if else condition works automatically.Our "if else" condition demonstrates that if the temperature rises above the set point of "38 "degrees Celsius, the vibrator and Peltier are activated for indicating and cooling respectively, however, if it falls below the set point, no activation occurs In addition, a Bluetooth module HC-05 has been incorporated to establish a connection between the device and a mobile phone application.This enables seamless transfer of data from the device to the mobile application.Moreover, the design of the prototype was created by using Tinkercad software.The software allowed a variety of design modifications to be tested, ensuring the prototype would meet the desired specifications.
An application was also developed named "Temp Care" to connect with the device to give prompt notification to the person using the device about the temperature of his head region and notification regarding water intake for an average person and if he is taking the required amount of water to stay hydrated.The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in the United States provides general guidelines for daily water intake.These guidelines suggest a total daily water intake from all beverages and foods, including plain water, of, approximately 3.7 liters (or about 13 cups) for men, and approximately 2.7 liters (or about 9 cups) for women.The application will also show the battery percentage of the Device so that the individual using the device would be aware of when to charge the device.It will also provide general information to the user about the device as well as about Heat stroke and what are the important measures that a person should take to prevent such conditions.The application was developed using Visual Studio using JavaScript with React Native as it provides a user-friendly development framework that allows us to create applications for both iOS and Android users.As Fig 3 shows the GUI of the application.
Hardware: This section of the paper depicts the components and the functionality of the hardware.The components of the device include a Peltier, a buzzer, a vibrator, a temperature sensor, wires, a battery (12V), and a helmet.To record, monitor, or detect temperature changes, Arduino Mega is linked with a temperature sensor, which measures the ambient temperature and converts the input data into digital form.The input data is then sent to a "vibrator," which is an indicator that vibrates when cooling is required.The Peltier is connected to cool the entire device, as it has the ability to transfer heat from one side to another when a current is applied.This Peltier can operate at up to 12V, so a relay is connected to an external source (i.e., a battery of 12V) to activate it.Once the Peltier is activated, it is able to cool the device quickly and efficiently, providing a reliable source of cooling that is both cost-effective and energy-efficient.Additionally, the Peltier is capable of withstanding high temperatures, allowing the device to remain cool even during extreme conditions.The rise of body temperature is a common phenomenon for humans during summer especially if they are working outdoors.In this research, the accelerated development of wearable devices that can detect body temperature and other physiological indicators is driven by the goal of preventing heat stroke.In order to prevent heat stroke, it is crucial to measure and modulate body temperature accurately and continuously.Using the notion of cooling after reaching a given temperature, Arduino-based hardware and a display were implemented.Although the work is primarily concerned with temperature regulation, no other parameters are considered.This appears to be a strong method of dealing with temperature management on an automated basis in order to prevent heat stroke.Table 1 shows the results that were obtained from participants who had been working and had been exposed to heat.In Table 1, we see that the Peltier was activated when a temperature greater than 38 degrees Celsius was detected.Similarly, table 2 shows results that were obtained from participants that were in resting conditions.When participants were resting and their body temperature was below 38 degrees Celsius, the Peltier remained off.This shows that the Peltier acts as a cooling system when body temperature is high and remains off when body temperature is low.This demonstrates that the Peltier is an effective heat management tool, as it is able to respond to changes in body temperature.The use of Peltier along with a Lithium-ion battery gives it the benefit of durability and ticks all the safety concerns.This rechargeable battery solves the issue of battery replacement and gives it an advantage over previously made devices.All the equipment's are placed inside the helmet in such a way that it does not get heavy and nothing is placed outside the helmet, which gives it the look of a normal helmet with multiple features.The data analysis proved that the versatility of the obtained data is significant.The Alpha value was set at 0.05.The P-value indicated that the data had variations, confirming the difference between the temperature sensed initially before exposure to the sunlight and after working in the sunlight.The resultant P-value is 0.000297 which is less than 0.05 and shows a significant outcome.Moreover, this is a cost-effective device that has a low cost per unit compared to similar products on the market, making it a better option for anyone looking for an affordable device.Additionally, the device has many features that make it a great value for the price i.e., $16.

Conclusion:
This prototype can be highly beneficial not only for heat stroke but also for other heat-related diseases.By automating the process, there is no need for a person to constantly monitor the temperature and adjust it as needed.This removes the possibility of human error which can be a major factor in heat stroke incidents.In the future, an improved prototype could be designed that requires fewer components to ensure that it is easy to wear.This would reduce the weight of the device and make it easier to carry, as well as lessen the cost and complexity of manufacturing.Additionally, fewer components would make the device more reliable, as there would be fewer parts that could potentially malfunction.This, in turn, would make the device more user-friendly, further strengthening its market potential.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Graphical User Interface of the Application Temp Care.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Workflow of the heat stroke prevention control system

Table 3 .
Statistical Analysis to find the p-value of the given data