SECURING PUBLIC HEALTH: IOT AND BIG DATA IN FOOD SAFETY TRACEABILITY

: This research paper investigates the transformative impact of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies on enhancing food safety and quality measurements for public health in the food industry. As global demands for diverse and safe food products rise, the integration of innovative technologies becomes crucial. Developing a sensible and trustworthy food safety traceability system and effectively executing traceability are the cornerstones of any solution to these issues. Today, traceability solutions play a critical role in restoring consumer and market trust while guaranteeing food safety and quality. The study explores real-world applications of IoT, focusing on its role in monitoring and managing the entire food production cycle. By interconnecting devices and sensors, IoT emerges as a multifaceted solution that revolutionizes traditional methodologies, promising to elevate safety and quality standards throughout the food supply chain. In the dynamic realm of food production, IoT proves to be a transformative force, providing real-time insights and reshaping how we ensure safety and maintain the quality of the food we consume with food safety traceability.


INTRODUCTION
The growing demand for diverse and safe food in a rapidly developing world has led to the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the food industry [1].As the global population grows, the demand for innovative solutions to solve complex problems in the food sector is increasing.The Internet of Things is at the forefront of this technology wave and offers an innovative path to transforming the landscape of food safety and quality measurement.This study investigates the practical implications of using interconnected devices and sensors in real-world applications [2].One of the most important areas where the Internet of Things is making significant progress is food safety and quality.By deploying interconnected devices and sensors, a comprehensive information tracking mechanism is created [1].This mechanism allows control and management of the entire food supply chain, tracking every link in the production and distribution process.The Internet of Things allows us to better control the safety and reliability of our food supply by clarifying who is responsible at every step, from growing and sowing to processing and transport.This proactive approach helps prevent a variety of food safety risks and ultimately protects public health.The dynamic world of food production requires innovative solutions to address the dual challenges of safety and quality.The Internet of Things is becoming a driving force for change, connecting networks of smart devices and sensors to provide real-time information throughout the food supply chain.From farm to fork, the potential of the Internet of Things is to revolutionize the way we control, ensure safety and maintain the quality of the food we consume.This not only improves the efficiency of food production processes, but also strengthens our commitment to providing safe, high-quality food to the world's evergrowing population.In the context of the modern era, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into the food industry represents an important step forward in meeting the challenges of an increasingly complex and interconnected world.The rapid pace of technological innovation has led to an era where real-time data analysis and monitoring is not only useful but necessary [2].The Internet of Things allows the food industry to leverage the power of smart devices and sensors to create a seamless network across the entire food supply chain [3].
The interconnected ecosystem provides timely information to stakeholders, allowing them to respond quickly to potential issues and ensure continued compliance with food safety and quality standards.The research questions guiding this study are: What technologies/methods ensure food safety while tracking existing food supply chains?How do information systems and data analytics accelerate the identification and mitigation of traceability food safety risks?What are the critical control points in food production that affect traceability and safety?How do regulations and best practices affect food safety tracking?What impact will IoT and artificial intelligence have on supply chain traceability and food safety?The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology into the food industry is revolutionizing safety and quality measurements.The Internet of Things enables real-time monitoring and tracking throughout the food supply chain through interconnected devices and sensors [4].It provides effective controls over cultivation, processing and transportation to prevent food safety risks and protect public health.In modern times, IoT plays a critical role in providing real-time insights, increasing transparency and meeting global standards in the dynamic and interconnected world of food production.
Research Methodology: This research adopts a systematic approach to investigate the impact of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies on food safety and quality in the food industry.The study begins with an extensive review of existing literature to establish a foundational understanding of IoT applications in the context of food production and safety [5].Subsequently, quantitative data is collected through surveys distributed to a representative sample of industry professionals to gauge the widespread adoption and impact of IoT in diverse food production settings.The research also incorporates case studies of successful IoT implementations in various regions, providing real-world examples of its application [6].The findings from this combined quantitative analysis contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the role of IoT in reshaping food safety and quality measurements in the dynamic landscape of the food industry.
Literature Search Strategy: Our systematic literature search, conducted with precision, focused on studies published from 2001 onward, specifically exploring the transformative impact of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in revolutionizing safety and quality measurements within the food industry.The integration of IoT involves interconnected devices and sensors that facilitate real-time monitoring and traceability throughout the entire food supply chain.
To compile a comprehensive dataset, we targeted renowned databases, including Springer, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Science Direct, and Web of Science, known for their extensive collection of literature related to IoT technologies in the food industry, particularly in the context of safety and quality measurements.Utilizing keywords such as "impact," "IoT," and "food safety" in various permutations ensured thoroughness in retrieving relevant literature during the search process.

Data Extraction and Synthesis:
Completing data extraction played a key role in evaluating each article's abstract, methodology, references, key findings, and measurement performance.This common methodology forms the basis for a better understanding of the existing literature on the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the food industry, which is changing safety and quality measures.By connecting devices and appliances, IoT can enable real-time tracking and tracing throughout the food supply chain.
Quality Assessment: An integral part of our methodology, the quality assessment underwent thorough scrutiny through a multifaceted lens.Each study underwent rigorous examination for methodological rigor, statistical soundness, and the direct relevance and impact of presented findings.This critical evaluation ensured the credibility and reliability of the selected studies.

Analysis:
The analysis of the data extraction and synthesis phase highlights the meticulous documentation of crucial elements in each article, forming a comprehensive understanding of how IoT technologies are transforming safety and quality measurements in the food industry.The integration of IoT, with interconnected devices and sensors, enables real-time monitoring and traceability across the entire food supply chain.

Outcome:
The culmination of this methodological undertaking is a carefully curated compendium of scholarly articles.These articles collectively chart the trajectory of progress and highlight challenges within the domain of IoT enables real-time monitoring and traceability across the entire food supply chain.

Data Collection:
In our research paper, we engaged in comprehensive data collection to address our specific research questions through a refine string from different search engines like IEEE Xplore, Springer, Web of science, Science Direct.The initial data collection phase was expansive, leveraging scholarly databases with carefully selected keywords such as "impact," "IoT," and "food safety‖.This approach ensured the retrieval of the most pertinent literature for a comprehensive analysis.

Screening and Selection:
We honed the initial dataset using a two-step screening approach, which involved removing duplicates and applying inclusion criteria based on the pertinence of titles and abstracts to our research queries.This process incorporated both manual examination and software-assisted deduplication techniques.The selected papers that are 27 are then assigned ID's so that the work became easy.The title of the papers along with their ID's are shown in table 3.

Table-3:
Selected paper Titles with their ID's.

ID
Reference Paper Title S [1] [7] -Blockchain technology in food safety and traceability concern to livestock products‖ S [2] [8] 5G in agri-food -A review on current status, opportunities and challenges S [3] [9] Block-Chain Based Approach for Food Supply Chain Management A secure food supply chain solution: blockchain and IoT-enabled container to enhance the efficiency of shipment for strawberry supply chain S [4] [10] A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Models for Guava Leaf Disease Detection S [5] [11] A semi-empirical model for de-watering and cooling of leafy vegetables S [6] [12] Agricultural biotechnology for sustainable food security S [7] [13] Agri-IoT: A semantic framework for Internet of Things-enabled smart farming applications S [8] [14] An overview of the interactions between food production and climate change S [9] [15] Analysis of factors affecting cross-boundary knowledge mobilization in agri-food supply chains: An integrated approach The selected papers were then analysed and the approaches used in the papers are identified from each paper.Table 4 shows the approaches identified from the papers with their respective ID's.

Approaches
Publications ID The analysis of the selected research papers provides substantive insights into the research questions discussed in the In this figure, it shows how many percentages all technologies are used in food traceability system.Improved Food Safety: By continuously monitoring critical environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels, IoT systems can detect potential hazards and spoilage risks early on.This allows for timely intervention and product recalls, preventing foodborne illnesses and outbreaks.
Optimized Supply Chain Management: IoT-based traceability systems can streamline logistics and optimize transport routes, reducing delays and ensuring freshness.This minimizes food waste and improves overall efficiency within the food supply chain.Enhanced Regulatory Compliance: Real-time data collection and record-keeping facilitated by IoT systems simplify compliance with food safety regulations and standards.This benefits both producers and regulatory bodies by streamlining audits and inspections.D3-1: challenges and opportunities for food science tomorrow: Food science is defined as an integration of "...several basic sciences which together focus on the unique challenges associated with foods and the systems needed to deliver food products to the consumer" by the Institute for Food Technologists (IFT), one of the top professional associations for food scientists and technologists in the world.As said in [S23], [S20] Over the next thirty to forty years, humanity will face many problems, not the least of which will be the strains brought on by a population that is aging quickly and expanding quickly, particularly in the world's least developed countries (United Nations, 2009; 2013; Australian Government, 2015).In order to ensure the future of humanity, the modern food science disciplinea synthesis of scientific and technical disciplines-and its practitioners will need to rise to the challenges and seize the opportunities.Consequently, for the foreseeable future, food science will be an important field of study.
Several of the major issues, prospects, and potential outcomes for the "food science of tomorrow" are covered in [S23].Several research papers that are addressed here address various difficulties and opportunities.

Description Paper ID Manual data entry
Involves personnel manually entering information into a system using keyboards, barcode scanners, or touchscreens.

[S18], [S16]
Automated data capture Embedded in packaging or transportation vehicles to monitor environmental conditions or product integrity.
[S20], [S27] Consumer input Engaging consumers to provide data through mobile apps or feedback forms. [S23] External data integration Incorporating data from external sources into the traceability system.Implementing these technologies effectively requires tackling challenges like cost, infrastructure limitations, and data security concerns.However, the potential benefits discussed in [S17], [S20], [S16], [S22] are vast: reduced food waste, lower recall costs, improved brand reputation, and ultimately, enhanced public health and consumer confidence in our food system.Continued research and collaboration are crucial to optimize these technologies and unlock their full potential for a safer and more sustainable food future.
This concise paragraph summarizes the key findings of your research question on food safety technologies and methodologies, setting the stage for a more detailed discussion in your research paper.Feel free to adapt and expand on these points based on your specific research data and insights.

Latest Advancements in Food safety Traceability System:
The frontiers of food safety traceability are ablaze with innovation.Publications in this field have skyrocketed, exceeding 50 in recent years, and the hottest trend is harnessing the power of the Internet of Things (IoT).And technologies are discussed in [S20], S14], [S27], [S16] like Sensors, RFID tags, and other IoT marvels provide real-time data on everything from farm origin to transportation temperature, painting a transparent picture of every food item's journey.This enhanced traceability leads to a cascade of benefits: improved safety through early spoilage detection, optimized supply chains with reduced waste, and streamlined compliance with regulations.
But the toolbox doesn't stop there.This concise paragraph summarizes the key points of your RQ2 discussion, highlighting the latest advancements, their potential impact, and the call to action for continued innovation.Feel free to adapt and expand on these points with specific details from your research and insights.

Challenges and opportunities for food science tomorrow and innovative methods and approaches:
Challenges and Opportunities for Food Science, Embracing Innovation for a Sustainable Future.Food science stands at a pivotal crossroads.While facing immense challenges of a growing population, resource limitations, and climate change, it also harbors abundant opportunities to revolutionize how we feed the world.Understanding these challenges and harnessing innovative methods are crucial for building a sustainable and secure food future.Fragmented Data: Lack of standardized data collection and sharing across the supply chain hinders effective traceability and informed decision-making.(Discussed in [S23], [S20]) Artificial intelligence applications in the food safety sectors: Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as the super sleuth of the food safety world, offering powerful tools to protect our plates from lurking hazards.At its core, AI analyses vast amounts of data, from sensor readings to images, to uncover hidden patterns and predict potential risks.explore in [S18] how AI is revolutionizing food safety, AI algorithms in [S16] sift through mountains of data collected at various stages of the food journey, from farm to fork in [S20].This includes manual entries, automated sensor readings, consumer feedback, and even weather data.By

Figure 1 : 2 :Figure 3 :
Figure 1: Research results in bar chart Figure 2: Research results in Pie chart

Figure 4 :Figure 5 :Figure 6 :
Figure 4: IOT techniques according to percentage usage AI and machine learning explained in [S23], [17], [S3], [S5] are learning to predict contamination risks and personalize traceability based on product type, while blockchain technology in [S16], [S15], [S24] promises tamper-proof records and trust-building collaboration.Even genomics and biosensors are joining the fight, rapidly identifying pathogens at every stage.And of course, challenges remain that are discussed in [S16], [S6], [S18].Are Costs, infrastructure gaps, and data security loom large.But the potential rewards are vast: better global food security in [S19], fewer public health scares, and consumers enjoying food with newfound confidence.By fostering research, collaboration, and investment in these advancements in [S26], we can build a safer, more sustainable food future for all.

:
In this final dataset total number of filtering results are shown:

PICO Structure: Table
1 discussed the PICO Structure used in this literature survey.

Table - 1 PICO Structure. Population Research
papers focused on -the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the food industry is revolutionizing safety and quality measurements.‖Intervention Implementation of advanced IoT-based traceability systems.Comparison Result in improved food safety outcomes compared to traditional traceability methods.

What Technologies/Methodologies ensure Food Safety in the current Food Supply Chain Traceability
table.Each research question's answer is categorized as D1, D2 and the sub techniques are labeled as shown in the following table.Table-5: Research Question Summary.SR# Research Questions Research paper IDData Extraction ItemRQ1 What technologies/methodologies ensure food safety in the current food supply chain traceability??: Our findings suggest that the implementation of traceability-based food supply chain management will probably result in the uptake of new technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT).Opportunities in the food business are opening up with use cases across the area in the block chain age, as an increasing number of studies demonstrate.Food safety events involve costly and intricate supply chain reform procedures and activities linked to food recalls.

Table - 6: IOT Techniques in food safety traceability.
System technology for real-time tracking discuss in [S19] of shipments and vehicles.Block chain Technology According to the study [S1], smart contracts combined with a tamper-proof and transparent framework provided by block chain enable creative business solutions.
Data Analytics and Cloud ComputingProcessing and analyzing large data volumes generated by traceability systems in [S19] are discussed.Sensor TechnologiesUse of sensors to monitor environmental conditions during storage and transportation.

Table - 9: Identified approaches from research paper.
RQ4: How do regulations and latest best practices shape traceability for food safety?D4-1: Open-source tools: D4-1: Open Source Tools: We call for platform approaches based on selected research papers.Table10discussed the open source tools their functionality and paper ID that contains the information about the paper.Table-11: Open-Source tools.RQ5: