Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Lahore

Abstract

This study investigated the temporal and spatial variations of PM_2.5 concentrations in Lahore, Pakistan, using data collected from air quality monitoring stations equipped with BAM analyzer at Punjab University during 2024. The analysis revealed a pronounced diurnal trend with peak PM_2.5 levels observed during morning hours, likely influenced by increased vehicular traffic and overnight pollutant accumulation. Seasonal analysis demonstrated significantly higher PM_2.5 concentrations during winter months (October-February) compared to summer months, attributed to factors such as temperature inversions and increased residential heating. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate relationship between PM_2.5 levels and temperature, with an R-squared value of 0.5927, indicating that temperature contributes to PM_2.5 variations but is not the sole determinant. These findings highlight the complex interplay of meteorological factors, human activities, and other sources in influencing air quality in Lahore. The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive air quality management strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts of air pollution on public health and the environment.