Five-Year PM2.5 Trends in Lahore: A Monthly and Annual Overview (2019–2023)

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of monthly and yearly average PM_2.5 concentrations in Lahore, Pakistan, from 2019 to 2023, utilizing data sourced from IQAir. The research aims to understand the influence of meteorological parameters on air quality trends and to identify significant patterns and shifts in pollution levels over the five-year period. Results reveal a distinct seasonal cycle, with peak pollution occurring during the colder, stagnant winter months (October-February) characterized by lower temperatures, reduced wind speeds, and frequent temperature inversions. Conversely, the lowest PM_2.5 concentrations are observed during the warmer, rainy summer months (May-August) due to enhanced atmospheric dispersion and wet deposition. Year-on-year comparisons indicate a persistent air quality challenge, with a concerning escalation in peak pollution levels observed in November 2023, recording the highest monthly average in the dataset. The analysis also highlights the temporary air quality improvements during the COVID-19-induced economic slowdown in 2020, followed by a rebound and increase in pollution levels as economic activity resumed. This study underscores the critical need for more aggressive and sustained emission control measures in Punjab to mitigate the adverse impacts of air pollution on public health and the environment.