EFFECT OF VISIBLE SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (VISIBLE LIGHT) ON MITOCHONDRIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract

Background: Mitochondria play a central role in cellular energy production, and their function can be influenced by external stimuli such as light. While red and near-infrared (NIR) light are well-studied in photobiomodulation (PBM), the effects of other visible light wavelengths (blue and green) on mitochondrial function remain underexplored.
Methodology: This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines to synthesize experimental findings from provided research materials. Studies involving exposure to visible light (400–700 nm) and reporting outcomes related to mitochondrial function were included.
Results: Red light (~600–700 nm) predominantly enhanced mitochondrial activity, increasing ATP production, MMP, and O₂ consumption, with CCO identified as a primary photoacceptor. Blue light (~400–500 nm), in contrast, was associated with elevated ROS production, decreased MMP and ATP, and increased mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially through flavins, porphyrins, and opsins. Green light (~500–570 nm) showed mixed effects, with both inhibitory and stimulatory outcomes depending on the cell type and exposure parameters. The mechanisms underlying these effects involve a complex interplay of wavelength-specific photoacceptors and downstream signaling pathways.
Conclusion: Visible light modulates mitochondrial function in a wavelength-dependent manner.